Tornade - Définition

Bibliographie

Généralités

• (fr) « Chasseurs de tornades », dans National Geographic France, n°55, avril 2004
• (fr) Article « tornades et trombes », dans l'Encyclopædia Universalis, corpus 22, 2002, pages 849 à 853.
• (fr) « Les Tornades », dans Pour la science, n°80, 1984, pages 80-91.

Histoire et climatologie

• Brooks, H.E., C. A. Doswell III, and M. P. Kay, 2003: Climatological estimates of local daily tornado probability for the United States. Wea. Forecasting, 18, 626–640.
• Concannon, P.R., H.E. Brooks and C.A. Doswell III, 2000: Climatological risk of strong and violent tornadoes in the United States. Preprints, 2nd Conf. Environ. Applications, American Meteorological Society, Long Beach (Californie), CA.
• Fujita, T.T., 1987: U.S. Tornadoes, Part I: 70-year statistics. Satellite and Meteorology Research Paper, 218, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 122 pp. NTIS PB 87-127742.
• Ludlum, David M.: Early American Tornadoes 1586 -1870 publié par American Meteorological Society
• Schaefer, J.T., and C. Marzban, 2000: Tornadoes in the United States as related to the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature Preprints, 20th Conf. Severe Local Storms, Orlando (Floride).
• Schaefer, J.T., and F.B. Tatom, 1998: The Relationship between El Niño, La Niña and United States Tornado Activity. Preprints, 19th Conf. Severe Local Storms, Minneapolis MN, 416-419.
• Weiss S.J., 1987: Some climatological aspects of forecasting tornadoes associated with tropical cyclones. Preprints, 17th Conf. Hurricanes and Tropical Meteor., American Meteorological Society, Miami, 160-163.

Structure des supercellulaires et de leur tornades

• Atkins, N.T., M.L.Weisman and L.J. Wicker, 1999: The influence of preexisting boundaries on supercell evolution. Monthly Weather Review, 127, 2910-2927.
• Brooks, H.E., C.A. Doswell III, and J. Cooper, 1994: On the environments of tornadic and nontornadic mesocyclones. Wea. Forecasting, 10, 606-618.
• Lemon, L. R., and C. A. Doswell III, 1979: Severe thunderstorm evolution and mesocyclone structure as related to tornadogenesis. Monthly Weather Review, 107, 1184-1197.

Prévisions des supercellulaires et des tornades

• Burgess, D.W., R. J. Donaldson Jr., and P. R. Desrochers, 1993: Tornado detection and warning by radar. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards, Geophys. Monogr., No. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 203–221.
• Davies, J.M., 2004: Estimations of CIN and LFC associated with tornadic and nontornadic supercells. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 714-726.
• Davies, and R.H. Johns, 1993: Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part I: Helicity and mean shear magnitudes. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards (C. Church et al., Eds.), Geophysical Monograph 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 573-582.
• Doswell, C.A., III, D. V. Baker, and C. A. Liles, 2002: Recognition of negative factors for severe weather potential: A case study. Wea. Forecasting, 17, 937–954.
• Doswell, S.J. Weiss and R.H. Johns, 1993: Tornado forecasting: A review. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction, and Hazards (C. Church et al., Eds), Geophys. Monogr. No. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 557-571.
• Johns, R. H., J. M. Davies, and P. W. Leftwich, 1993: Some wind and instability parameters associated with strong and violent tornadoes. Part II: Variations in the combinations of wind and instability parameters. The Tornado: Its Structure, Dynamics, Prediction and Hazards, Geophys. Mongr., No. 79, Amer. Geophys. Union, 583–590.

Tornades dans les cyclones tropicaux

• Curtis, L., 2004: Midlevel dry intrusions as a factor in tornado outbreaks associated with landfalling tropical cyclones from the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico. Wea. Forecasting, 19, 411-427.
• Edwards, R., 1998: Tornado production by exiting tropical cyclones. Preprints, 23rd Conf. Hurricanes and Tropical Meteor., American Meteorological Society, Dallas, 160-163.
• Gentry, R.C., 1983: Genesis of tornadoes associated with hurricanes. Monthly Weather Review, 111, 1793-1805.

Tornades non supercellulaires

• Wilson, J.W. et R.M. Wakimoto, 1989: Non-supercell tornadoes. Monthly Weather Revue, 117, 1113-1140.