Comparaison à d'autres formats
Pour savoir à quoi ressemble du XML, le mieux est certainement d'en voir. Commençons par un exemple simplifié. Il propose une transposition du début de cet article dans un langage XML appliqué à la documentation technique, DocBook.
xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"> >Extensible Markup Language> > >XML> (Extensible Markup Language, « langage de balisage extensible »)... > >
Dans ce code, chacun peut identifier des portions de texte (exemple : Extensible, XML…) et des mots clés encadrés de chevrons (<, >) : , , <para>… Ce <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/definition/221.html'>document</a></span> est ouvert par le mot clé <article>, et clos par </article>. Notez la <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/definition/10865.html'>barre oblique</a></span>, elle signifie la <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/definition/5308.html'>fermeture</a></span> de la balise article. En XML, une balise doit toujours être <i>fermée</i>. À l'intérieur de cet <i>article</i>, il y a un titre (<<span class="lang-en" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><i>title</i></span>>), un paragraphe (<para>), et un acronyme (<<span class="lang-en" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><i>acronym</i></span>>).</p>
<p>Ce qui est spécifique à XML, c'est le choix des chevrons pour identifier les balises, et l'obligation de les fermer. Les mots clés ne sont pas définis par la <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Norme.html'>norme</a></span> XML, mais par le vocabulaire choisi. En XHTML, l'élément racine aurait été <html>, en XSLT, cela peut être <xsl:stylesheet> ou <xsl:transform>. Ceci illustre la nature extensible d'XML. Ce n'est pas un jeu de noms réservés (exemple : <span class="lang-en" lang="en" xml:lang="en">echo, for, public, function, <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/CLASS.html'>class</a></span></span>…), mais plutôt des caractères réservés permettant de définir un « langage ».</p>
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<p>Cet exemple illustre une autre spécificité de ce format. À part SGML, peu d'autres syntaxes permettent de séparer la <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/definition/6402.html'>définition</a></span> sémantique de l'information (qu'est-ce qui est titre, lien, section…), de l'apparence qu'on lui souhaite (aujourd'hui un titre est souligné, demain on le voudra peut-être en bleu). Cela fait d'XML un excellent format pour conserver des textes ou des <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/definition/222.html'>données</a></span>. Pour s'en convaincre, regardons ce que la même information donne dans d'autres formats.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="Formats_binaires_.28un_exemple_Microsoft_Word.29">Formats binaires (un exemple <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/definition/416.html'>Microsoft</a></span> Word)</span></h3> <p>Les logiciels, surtout pour le grand public, aboutissent généralement à des fichiers. Le format se soucie d'abord d'être fiable et performant, mais est-il échangeable ? Le format d'enregistrement natif du traitement de texte Word est l'exemple du <span class="need_ref" style="cursor:help;" title="Ce passage nécessite une référence.">format binaire le plus déployé</span>. Il n'est pas lisible par l'humain. Le texte est difficile à extraire, le lien avec sa structuration (gras, italique…) est difficile à reconstruire. Dans la pratique, un document Word pose beaucoup de problèmes de conservation sur le long terme.</p>
<pre> ÐÏ à¡± á > þÿ ! # þÿÿÿ ÿÿ% ð ¿ a bjbj%ç%ç Extensible Markup Language XML (Extensible Markup Language, « langage de balisage extensible ») i 8 @ñÿ 8 N o r m a l CJ _H aJ mH sH tH N @ N T i t r e 1 ÿ <b>[… beaucoup d'informations binaires supprimées ]</b> ÿ ÿÿÿÿ À F Document <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Microsoft-Word.html'>Microsoft Word</a></span> MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 ô9²q </pre> <p>L'éditeur, Microsoft, propose désormais un format d'enregistrement en XML.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="RTF_.28Rich_Text_Format.29">RTF (Rich Text Format)</span></h3> <p>Afin de favoriser l'échange avec d'autres traitements de texte, Microsoft proposa RTF <span class="lang-en" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><i>Rich Text Format</i></span> « format texte riche » (1987). Ce n'est pas un format binaire, les commandes sont inscrites en texte lisible, mais elles ne sont pas destinées à être écrites par un humain.</p>
<pre> {\rtf {\f2\fs36\b <b>Extensible Markup Language</b>}\par {\b <b>XML</b>} <b>(Extensible Markup Language,</b> <b>« langage de balisage extensible »)...</b> \par } </pre> <p>On retrouve le <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/definition/686.html'>besoin</a></span> d'encadrer du contenu avec un marqueur (ici les accolades {}), d'attacher des propriétés à ces groupes. Ainsi, {\b XML} indique que les lettres XML sont en gras, <i>bold</i> : \b. Pour le titre, humains comme logiciels ne peuvent pas l'identifier par "\f2\fs36\b", ce code indique en fait l'apparence du paragraphe (gras, gros…). Ce format a montré qu'il pouvait fonctionner dans des logiciels, mais sa croissante <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Complexite.html'>complexité</a></span> nous instruit sur ses limites. Il est difficilement extensible, et en tous cas, inutilisable pour structurer la sémantique d'un texte.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="TEX">TX</span></h3> <p><span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Donald-Knuth.html'>Donald Knuth</a></span>, auteur de <span class="lang-en" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><i>The Art of Computer Programming</i></span> « l'Art de la programmation » s'est interrompu en 1977, excédé par la mauvaise qualité d'impression de ses ouvrages. Il développa TX, une syntaxe très élaborée destinée à l'écriture humaine, spécialement puissante pour les équations <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Mathematiques.html'>mathématiques</a></span>. On remarquera que RTF lui a repris ses séparateurs (<i>\</i>, <i>{</i>, <i>}</i>), mais pas son système de macros pour factoriser les commandes.</p>
<div dir="ltr" class="mw-geshi" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="latex source-latex" style="font-family:monospace;"> <pre class="de1"> <span class="sy0">\</span><span class="kw1">documentclass</span><span class="sy0">[</span><span class="re2">a4paper, 11pt</span><span class="sy0">]{</span><span class="re9">article</span><span class="sy0">}</span> <span class="sy0">\</span><span class="kw1">title</span><span class="sy0">{</span><span class="re9">Extensible Markup Language</span><span class="sy0">}</span> <span class="re8">\begin</span><span class="sy0">{</span><span class="re9"><span class="re7">document</span></span><span class="sy0">}</span> <span class="sy0">\</span><span class="kw1">maketitle</span> <span class="re8">\end</span><span class="sy0">{</span><span class="re9"><span class="re7">document</span></span><span class="sy0">}</span> </pre></div> </div> <p>TX reste le standard de l'édition <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/definition/2872.html'>scientifique</a></span> de qualité, en particulier pour la mise en forme des équations complexes. Toutefois, cela reste un <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Langage-de-programmation.html'>langage de programmation</a></span> dédié à la mise en forme, davantage conçu pour l'apparence des documents que pour stocker/transférer des données.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="wiki"><span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Wiki.html'>wiki</a></span></span></h3> <p>Une syntaxe wiki sait aussi séparer le contenu de la présentation.</p>
<pre> =={{lang|en|Extensible Markup Language}}== '''XML''' ({{lang|en|Extensible Markup Language}}, « langage de balisage extensible »)… </pre> <p>Cependant, cette structuration repose ici sur des séquences de caractères particulières (<code>==, '''</code>). Or, le <span class='lienGlossaire'><a href='https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Nombre.html'>nombre</a></span> de caractères sans signification n'est pas indéfini. Un tel format peut être approprié pour un seul type de document, mais ce n'est pas une syntaxe générique et facilement extensible.</p>
<h3> <span class="mw-headline" id="XML.2C_format_textuel.2C_structur.C3.A9.2C_et_extensible">XML, format textuel, structuré, et extensible</span></h3> <p>Comparé aux langages plus haut, XML est une syntaxe générique et extensible. Il permet de structurer une grande variété de contenus, car son « langage » (vocabulaire et grammaire) peut être redéfini.</p>
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<div class="naviguation"><div class="naviguationPrecedent"><a href="https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Extensible-Markup-Language-page-2.html">Composants et syntaxe d'un document XML</a></div> <div class="naviguationSuivant"><a href="https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Extensible-Markup-Language-page-4.html">Outils et processus XML</a></div></div><div class="blocSommaire blocSommaireBas"><div class="listeSommaire"><a href="https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Extensible-Markup-Language.html"> - Introduction</a><a href="https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Extensible-Markup-Language.html#ref_1"> - Historique</a><a href="https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Extensible-Markup-Language-page-2.html"> - Composants et syntaxe d'un document XML</a><a href="https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Extensible-Markup-Language-page-3.html"> - Comparaison à d'autres formats</a><a href="https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Extensible-Markup-Language-page-4.html"> - Outils et processus XML</a><a href="https://www.techno-science.net/glossaire-definition/Extensible-Markup-Language-page-5.html"> - Utilisations et langages dérivés</a></div></div></div>
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